Narrow band wavelength division multiplexer and method of multiplexing optical signals

ABSTRACT

A wavelength division multiplexer including a channel combining component receiving optical signals transmitted through a plurality of optical channels. The channels are defined by successively different light wavelength bands at intervals ranging between a first channel having the lowest wavelength band to a last channel having the highest wavelength band. The channel combining component combines at least one channel having a wavelength band intermediate the lowest wavelength band and the highest wavelength band with channels having the lowest and the highest wavelength bands. The channel combining component includes an edge filter. This edge filter combines optical signals in the highest and lowest wavelength bands, but not in the intermediate wavelength band. (The highest and said lowest wavelength bands are situated respectively above and below the intermediate wavelength band.) The edge filter provides the combined optical signals to the channel combining component.

CROSS-REFERENCED TO A RELATED APPLICATION

Reference is made commonly assigned copending patent application serial number, filed simultaneously herewith in the name of Amin et al. and entitled “Narrow Band Wavelength Division Demultiplexer and Method of Demultiplexing Optical Signals”

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to optical multiplexers and more specifically relates to wavelength division multiplexers.

2. Technical Background

Wavelength divisions multiplexers are used in optical communication networks to combine various optical signals (channels) carried by two or more optical wavelengths into a single, common carrier (for example, an optical waveguide such as a single fiber). Wavelength division demultiplexers are used in optical communication circuits to separate a plurality of signals transmitted on a common carrier based upon the wavelength of the light onto which the signal is modulated. Wavelength division multiplexers and demultiplexers typically include various combinations of optical elements for performing the combination and separation function respectively. The most common of such components are band edge dichroic filters, which reflect light having wavelengths above or below a certain characteristic wavelength into a first transmission path while allowing the remaining light (i.e., the light having wavelengths below or above the characteristic wavelength) to be transmitted through the band edge filter into a second transmission path. Such edge filters are not ideal in that they have a transition zone surrounding the characteristic wavelength. See, for example, FIG. 1, which shows the characteristics of a hypothetical ideal band edge filter F₁ that does not exist or is otherwise extremely expensive to create, and FIG. 2, showing the characteristics of an actual band edge filter F₂ as commonly used in these types of devices. Incident light having a wavelength in the transition zone (e.g., λ₄) is partially reflected and partially transmitted. When a band edge filter only partially transmits or reflects incident light that is supposed to be entirely transmitted or reflected, the band edge filter reduces the intensity of the light signal that is transmitted through the intended transmission path while introducing noise into the other path (i.e. transmission path). To avoid such signal loss and noise, either the separation between the channels must be large enough so that no channels fall within the transition zone of the filter, or the filter must be nearly ideal so as to have a transition zone smaller than the channel separation. To accommodate more signals on a single optical fiber trunk line, designers must decrease channel (i.e., wavelength) separation, which makes the non-ideal band edge filters less practical for use in a wavelength division multiplexers and demultiplexers.

The following description of prior art is directed to both multiplexers and demultiplexers, because these devices are similar to one another and generally a multiplexer will function as a demultiplexer when the input and output are reversed so as to separate (with a demultiplexer) instead of combining (with a multiplexer) different wavelength signals.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,814 issued to Pan et al. discloses a wavelength division demultiplexer made up entirely of such band edge filters. This demultiplexer is shown in FIG. 3. As illustrated, a first filter 271 reflects signals having wavelengths, λ₁-λ₄ while transmitting signals having wavelengths λ₅-λ₈. A second filter 272 receives signals having wavelengths λ₁-λ₄ and reflects signals having wavelengths λ₁ and λ₂ while transmitting signals having wavelengths λ₃ and λ₄. Similarly, a third filter 273 receives signals having wavelengths λ₅-λ₈ and reflects signals having wavelengths λ₅ and λ₆ while transmitting signals having wavelengths λ₇ and λ₈. Additional band edge filters 274-277 are provided as a final separation stage. Because the band edge filters are not ideal, the demultiplexer disclosed in Pan et al. would exhibit large levels of signal loss and crosstalk, particularly when the channel separation is small.

To overcome these difficulties, wavelength division demultiplexers have been constructed with wavelength channel dropping components that include a combination of an optical circulator and various fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). An example of such a demultiplexer is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,754,718 issued to Duck et al. This demultiplexer is illustrated in FIG. 4. As shown at the left side of FIG. 4, eight channels having wavelengths λ₁-λ₈ are transmitted into port 1 of an optical circulator 610. All these signals are transmitted out of circulator 610 at port 2. These signals are then passed through the four FBGs that are configured to reflect the signals of non-adjacent wavelengths λ₂, λ₄, λ₆, and λ₈ back into port 2 of optical circulator 610. The remaining non-adjacent wavelengths are transmitted into port 1 of a second optical circulator 612. First circulator 610 transmits the signals of wavelengths λ₂, λ₄, λ₆, and λ₈, which are reflected into port 2, out of port 3. Two FBGs reflect wavelengths λ₂ and λ₆ and provided at port 3 of optical circulator 610, reflect signals having wavelengths λ₂ and λ₆ back into port 3 of optical circulator 610. Optical circulator 610 transmits these signals from port 4. Signals of wavelengths λ₄ and λ₈, however, which exit port 3 of circulator 610, are transmitted through the FBGs to a band edge filter 626. Band edge filter 626 transmits signals of wavelength λ₄ and reflects signals of wavelength λ₈ (signals λ₅, λ₆, and λ₇ are already removed from the optical path). Similarly, a band edge filter 628 separates signals of wavelengths λ₂ and λ₆ which exit port 4 of circulator 610. Optical circulator 612 and band edge filters 622 and 624 similarly separate the signals of wavelengths λ₁, λ₃, λ₅, and λ₇. As will be apparent, the wavelengths of the signals transmitted to each of band edge filters 622-628 are not in adjacent channels. Therefore, any transition zone present in band edge filters 622-628 does not necessarily degrade the strength of the signals or the ability to separate the signals based on their wavelengths.

While the wavelength division demultiplexer shown in FIG. 4 overcomes the above noted problems relating to channel separation using band edge filters, the construction of such a demultiplexer is quite expensive due to the very large number of FBGs and other necessary optical components. In addition, the demultiplexer shown in FIG. 4 is designed to separate eight optical channels. If the number of channels to be separated were increased, the demultiplexer would need to be substantially redesigned.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,350 is directed to both wavelength division multiplexers and demultiplexers. The multiplexers are illustrated, for example, in FIGS. 1A, and 6A of this patent. FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate 4 nX1 wavelength division multiplexers. FIGS. 8A and 8B of this patent illustrate 4 nX1 wavelength division demultiplexers, while FIGS. 9, 10A and 10B show devices that function as wavelength division multiplexers and demultiplexers. These multiplexers and demultiplexers utilize multiport optical circulators, fiber Bragg gratings and band pass wavelength division couplers. The multiplexers disclosed in this reference require fiber Bragg gratings for more than 50% of the optical channels, and, typically, optical bandpass filters for each of the optical channels to be multiplexed. That is, a separated bandpass coupler is required for each channel.

As stated above, an exemplary multiplexer is shown schematically in FIG. 6A of that reference. In this multiplexer the multiple fiber Bragg gratings are inserted directly after the optical circulator and are used to direct particular wavelengths of light to specific ports of the optical circulator. Different wavelength channels transmitted by the specific circulator ports interleaved, as shown in FIGS. 2F and 2G, so that the spectral edges of the bandpass devices will not coincide with any optical channel to be multiplexed. The twelve channel multiplexer described in FIG. 6A utilizes 21 optical components. These components are: one optical circulator, twelve filtering elements, and eight fiber Brag gratings. Because every optical component introduces impairments (including optical and polarization dependent losses) into the optical system, it would be desirable to minimize the number of optical components and, therefore to increase the efficiency of multiplexers and demultiplexers.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide a wavelength division multiplexer that is less expensive to manufacture than most prior systems and that has little, if any, signal loss. To achieve these and other objects and advantages, the wavelength division multiplexer of the present invention comprises a channel combining component receiving optical signals transmitted through a plurality of optical channels. The channels are defined by successively different light wavelength bands at intervals ranging between a first channel having the lowest wavelength band to a last channel having the highest wavelength band. The channel combining component combines at least one channel having a wavelength band intermediate the lowest wavelength band and the highest wavelength band with channels having the lowest and the highest wavelength bands. The channel combining component includes an edge filter. This edge filter combines optical signals in the highest and lowest wavelength bands, but not in the intermediate wavelength band. (The highest and said lowest wavelength bands are situated respectively above and below the intermediate wavelength band.) The edge filter provides the combined optical signals to the channel combining component.

Additional features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description, or recognized by practicing the invention as described in the detailed description which follows the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary of the invention, and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the invention as it is claimed. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate various features and embodiments of the invention, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operation of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the transmission/reflection characteristics of an ideal edge filter;

FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the transmission/reflection characteristics of an actual edge filter;

FIG. 3 is an optical system diagram in schematic form of a first prior art wavelength division demultiplexer;

FIG. 4 is an optical system diagram in schematic form of a second prior art wavelength division demultiplexer;

FIG. 5 is an optical system diagram in schematic form of a wavelength division demultiplexer constructed in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6 is an optical system diagram in schematic form of a wavelength division demultiplexer constructed in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 7 is an optical system diagram in a schematic form of a wavelength division multiplexer constructed in accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

Because of the need to utilize optical circulators or the like to separate signals in adjacent channels prior to transmittal to a band edge filter, band edge filters had previously typically been employed at the last stage of signal separation. In general, band edge filters are much less expensive than optical circulators and FBGs (Fiber Bragg Gratings). As described below, the following embodiments utilize edge filters for separating groups of signals from one another at earlier stages in the demultiplexer, but without introducing signal loss by attempting to separate signals in adjacent channels, as would the demultiplexer disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,814 and shown in FIG. 3.

An exemplary embodiment of the wavelength division demultiplexer of the present invention is shown in FIG. 5 and is designated generally throughout by reference numeral 10. The wavelength division demultiplexer 10 includes a channel dropping component 12 for receiving optical signals transmitted through a plurality of optical channels, an edge filter 25 for separating optical signals received from channel dropping component 12, and a signal separator (53, 55). The edge filter may be a thin film filter, a grating filter, fused fiber, bulk diffraction grating, planar waveguide filter, or any other optical band filter. The channels are defined by successively different light wavelength bands at intervals ranging between a first channel having the lowest wavelength band to a last channel having the highest wavelength band. The wavelength bands are 0.05 nm to 65 nm wide and preferably 0.04 nm to 1.6 nm and even more preferably 0.5 nm to 1 nm wide. The optical channels have frequency spacings of 1 GHz to 8000 GHz. It is preferred that the frequency spacings be 10 GHz to 200 GHz.

In general, channel dropping component 12 receives a plurality of channels (eight channels λ₁₋₈ in FIG. 5) and drops at least one channel having a wavelength band (e.g., λ₄, λ₅) intermediate the lowest wavelength band (λ₁) and the highest wavelength band (λ₈). Edge filter 25 separates optical signals received from channel dropping component 12 that have wavelengths below the intermediate wavelength band from optical signals having wavelengths above the intermediate wavelength band. Edge filter 25 transmits the separated optical signals in two different optical paths (27, 29). Channel separator (53, 55) separates optical signals from one another that are transmitted in these optical paths (27, 29).

As broadly described herein, a “channel dropping component” may include any single optical element or arrangement of optical elements that can receive at least three channels and drop at least one discrete channel that has a wavelength intermediate those of the other received channels. Under such a definition, a channel dropping component does not include an edge filter since an edge filter could not receive optical signals in at least three channels and separate an optical signal having a wavelength intermediate the wavelengths of the other received channels. On the other hand, a channel dropping component could differ from that specifically disclosed below as the preferred implementation. For example, the channel dropping component may include an optical coupler as commonly used in optical add/drop components.

As embodied herein and depicted in FIG. 5, channel dropping component 12 preferably includes an optical circulator 17, and at least one fiber Bragg grating (FBG) (19, 21, and 23). Preferably, optical circulator 17 has three or four ports. As with all optical circulators, optical circulator 17 receives optical signals in the first port and transmits the optical signals received in the first port out of the second port. If a four-port optical circulator 17 receives any signals in its second port, it transmits the received optical signals out of the third port. If optical circulator 17 receives any signals in its third port, it transmits those signals out of its fourth port. Optical circulators that perform such functions are well-known in the art. Therefore, the detailed construction and operation of such optical circulators will not be described any further.

FBGs suited for use in the present invention are also well-known in the art. In general, when used in either multiplexers or demultiplexers, FBGs either transmit or reflect light propagating through the fiber, such at a specified wavelength is reflected back in the direction from which the light originated and the rest of the light is propagated by the optical waveguide. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, FBG 19 is designed to reflect light wavelength of λ₄, while FBG 21 is designed to reflect light of wavelength of λ₅. Thus, optical signals in channels having wavelengths of λ₄ and λ₅, are redirected back (i. e. reflected) into the second port of optical circulator 17 while optical signals having wavelengths λ₁, λ₂, λ₃, λ₆, λ₇, and λ₈ are transmitted through FBGs 19 and 21 to edge filter 25. When the redirected channels λ₄ and λ₅, are contiguous wavelength channels, one single FBG reflecting both wavelength bands can be used in place of the two FBGs 19,21.

Channel dropping component 12 also includes a third FBG 23 coupled to the third port of optical circulator 17 for redirecting optical signals having a wavelength of λ₄ transmitted from the third port back into the third port, while allowing optical signals having a wavelength of λ₅ to transmit through FBG 23. Thus, channel dropping component 12 drops the λ₄ channel out of the fourth port of optical circulator 17 and the λ₅ channel out the third port via FBG 23.

As will be described further below, by utilizing an edge filter to separate optical signals prior to further separation by the signal separator(s) (53, 55), optical demultiplexer 10 may be constructed with fewer components and thus, at a much lower cost than prior demultiplexers. By dropping intermediate channels (e.g., λ₄ and λ₅) using channel dropping component 12 prior to introducing the optical signals in the remaining channels to edge filter 25, and by selecting a cut-off wavelength for edge filter 25 in between the wavelengths of the dropped channels, an optical demultiplexer is provided that separates channels that would otherwise fall within the transition zone of an edge filter. Thus, edge filter 25 may separate the received signals cleanly without signal loss or introducing noise. In the example shown in FIG. 5, edge filter 25 separates the received signals while directing signals having wavelengths less than the lowest of the dropped intermediate wavelengths (λ₄) into a first optical path 27, while directing signals having wavelengths greater than the highest of the dropped intermediate wavelengths (λ₅) into a second optical path 29.

Signal separator 53 preferably includes a channel dropping component 16 and an edge filter 35. Channel dropping component 16 may include a three-port optical circulator 31 having its first port coupled to first optical path 27, and FBG 33 coupled to the second port of circulator 31. FBG 33 reflects back light, which has a wavelength that is intermediate, the wavelengths of the optical signals transmitted on first optical path 27. Thus, for example, when optical signals having wavelengths λ₁₋₃ are transmitted on first optical path 27, the diffraction wavelength of FBG 33 would be λ₂. Similarly, the cut-off wavelength of edge filter 35 would also be at λ₂ so that optical signals having a wavelength of λ₁ are transmitted through an optical path 37 while optical signals having a wavelength of λ₃ are transmitted through a different optical path 39.

By providing channel dropping component 16 prior to edge filter 35 and thereby dropping an intermediate wavelength band that would otherwise fall within the transition zone of edge filter 35, edge filter 35 may separate channels without introducing signal loss or noise.

As shown in FIG. 5, demultiplexer 10 may include a second signal separator 55 for separating the channels transmitted from edge filter 25 on first optical path 29. Signal separator 55 has a construction similar to that of signal separator 53. Specifically, signal separator 55 may include a channel dropping component 14 and an edge filter 45. Channel dropping component 14 preferably includes a three-port optical circulator 41 having its first port coupled to optical path 29, and FBG 43 coupled to the second port of circulator 41. As with signal separator 53, FBG 43 has a “reflection wavelength” corresponding to an intermediate wavelength of the channels transmitted on second optical path 29, and edge filter 45 has a cut-off wavelength corresponding to the same intermediate wavelength. Thus, as shown in FIG. 5, FBG 43 redirects optical signals having wavelengths of λ₇ back into the second port of optical circulator 41 such that these redirected optical signals are transmitted from the third port of circulator 41. The remaining channels transmitted on the second optical path 29 have wavelengths of λ₆ and λ₈ and are cleanly separated from one another by edge filter 41 without the introduction of noise nor signal loss to these optical signals.

Although a specific implementation for a signal separator is described above, a “signal separator” may be constructed using any one optical element or combination of optical elements capable of separating optical signals. For example, a signal separator may include any one or combination of band edge filters, band pass filters, optical circulators, optical couplers, or FBGs.

As an additional/alternate embodiment of the invention, as embodied herein, a wavelength division demultiplexer is provided for separating optical signals transmitted in n channels (where n is an even integer greater than 4). The second embodiment is described below to illustrate the scalability of the inventive demultiplexer design. Thus, the first embodiment represents an example of the second embodiment when n is equal to eight. As a further example of the demultiplexer according to the second embodiment, a demultiplexer 100 is shown in FIG. 6, for demultiplexing 16 channels.

Demultiplexer 100 includes an initial separation stage 110 and (n/2−2) secondary separation stages 120. Because in the example shown in FIG. 6, where n=16, channels, there are six secondary separation stages (120₁-120 ₆). As will be further explained below, the number of secondary stages may be varied in accordance with the number of channels to be separated. Thus, if more than sixteen channels need to be separated, additional secondary stages may be added, and if fewer channels need to be separated, secondary stages may be eliminated. As also described below, each of the secondary stages has an identical configuration with the exception of the wavelengths of the channels it must separate. The secondary stages can be built as plug-in modules (i.e. unitary sub-assemblies), thus lowering the cost of manufacturing assembly. In addition, by adding more modules, one may expand the number of wavelengths (and thus the number of channels) that the end user wants to multiplex (or demultiplex).

Initial separation stage 110 includes a channel dropping component 112 for receiving optical signals transmitted through all n optical channels, and an edge filter 117. Channel dropping component 112 drops two channels having wavelength bands (e.g., λ₈ and λ₉) intermediate the lowest wavelength band (λ₁) and the highest wavelength band (λ₁₆).

Channel dropping component 112 of initial separation stage 110 includes an optical circulator 113 having at least a first port, a second port, a third port, and a fourth port. Optical circulator 113 receives optical signals in the first port and transmits the optical signals received in the first port out of the second port.

In addition, channel dropping component 112 includes a first FBG 114 coupled to the second port of optical circulator 113 for redirecting optical signals having wavelengths (λ₈) corresponding to a reflection wavelength of first FBG 114 back into the second port of optical circulator 113 while transmitting optical signals having wavelengths not corresponding to the reflection wavelength of first FBG 114 to a second FBG 115.

Second FBG 115 is coupled to first FBG 114 for redirecting optical signals having wavelengths (λ₉) corresponding to a reflection wavelength of second FBG 115 back through first FBG 114 into the second port of optical circulator 113, while transmitting optical signals having wavelengths not corresponding to the reflection wavelength of second FBG 115 to edge filter 117. Optical circulator 113 transmits the optical signals that are received in the second port, out of the third port. When the wavelengths of the channels redirected by the FBGs 114 and 115 are contiguous (as in the example of FIG. 6), the FBGs 114 and 115 may be replaced by a single FBG that reflects both wavelength bands.

Channel dropping component 112 also includes a third FBG 116 coupled to the third port of optical circulator 113 for redirecting optical signals having a wavelength (λ₈) corresponding to a diffraction wavelength of third FBG 116 back into the third port of optical circulator 113, while transmitting optical signals having wavelengths not corresponding to the diffraction wavelength of third FBG 116. Optical circulator 113 transmits the optical signals received in the third port out of the fourth port.

Edge filter 117 separates optical signals received from channel dropping component 112 that have wavelengths (e.g., λ₁₋₇) below the lowest of the dropped intermediate wavelength bands (λ₈) from optical signals having wavelengths (e.g., λ₁₀₋₁₆) above the highest of the dropped intermediate wavelength bands (λ₉). Edge filter 117 transmits the separated optical signals having wavelengths (λ₁₋₇) below the lowest of the dropped intermediate wavelength bands in a first transmission path 118 and transmits the separated optical signals having wavelengths (λ₁₀₋₁₆) above the highest of the dropped intermediate wavelength bands in a second transmission path 119.

Secondary separation stages 120 ₁-120 ₆ each include a channel dropping component 122 for receiving optical signals in a subset of the n total channels and for dropping a channel having a wavelength band intermediate the lowest wavelength band and the highest wavelength band of the channels received. Thus, for example, secondary separation stage 120 ₁ includes a channel dropping component 122 ₁ that drops a channel having a wavelength band (λ₄) that is intermediate the lowest wavelength band (λ₁) and the highest wavelength band (λ₇) of the channels it receives.

Each channel dropping component 122 preferably includes a threeport optical circulator 124 having its first port coupled to a first or second optical path of a preceding secondary or initial stage, and FBG 126 coupled to the second port of circulator 124. FBG 126 has a diffraction wavelength corresponding to the intermediate wavelength to be dropped by channel dropping component 122. The diffraction wavelength of FBG 126 will vary from one secondary separation stage to another.

Each secondary separation stage 120 further includes an edge filter 128 positioned to receive the optical signals that are transmitted from channel dropping component 122. Edge filter 128 separates the received optical signals by transmitting signals having a wavelength greater than the wavelength band of the channel dropped by channel dropping component 122 into a first transmission path 129, and transmitting signals having a wavelength less than the wavelength band of the channel dropped by channel dropping component 122 into a second transmission path 130. Thus, for example, edge filter 128 ₁ of secondary separation stage 120 ₁ transmits signals having wavelengths λ₁₋₃ into first transmission path 129 ₁ and transmits signals having wavelengths λ₅₋₇ into second transmission path 130 ₁.

Secondary separation stages 120 are connected to one another or to initial separation stage 110 such that the channel dropping component (122) for a given secondary separation stage 120 is connected to a first or second transmission path (118,119, 129,130) from an edge filter (117,128) of a preceding separation stage (110,120).

By utilizing edge filters in separation stages upstream of the final separation stages, a demultiplexer may be constructed having a low cost, since doing so eliminates the need for additional optical circulators and/or FBGs, which are more expensive than edge filters. Also, by including a channel dropping component upstream of each edge filter so as to drop channels that would otherwise fall in the transition zones of the edge filters, edge filters may be utilized in initial and nonfinal separation stages without introducing signal loss and noise. For example, channel dropping component 122 drops the channel of wavelength λ₄, which, as shown in FIG. 2, would otherwise fall within the transition zone of edge filter 128.

Of secondary separation stages 120 ₁-120 ₆, stages 120 ₁ and 120 ₂ are intermediate separation stages while stages 120 ₃-120 ₆ are final separation stages. Final separation stages are secondary separation stages that receive three adjacent channels and separate all three channels by transmitting the signals of these channels along separate transmission paths. Of the three channels received by any one final separation stage, there are a plurality of optical signals each having one of a first, second, and third wavelength defining adjacent channels where the second wavelength is intermediate the first and third wavelengths. Each final separation stage includes an optical circulator 124 having at least a first port, a second port, and a third port. Optical circulator 124 receives optical signals in the first port and transmits the optical signals received in the first port out of the second port. The final separation stages also each include FBG 126 coupled to the second port of optical circulator 124 for redirecting optical signals having the second wavelength back into the second port of optical circulator 124, while transmitting optical signals having the first and third wavelengths. Optical circulator 124 transmits the optical signals having the second wavelength, which are received in the second port, out of the third port. The final separation stages each further include an edge filter 128 positioned to receive the optical signals having the first and third wavelengths that are transmitted from FBG 126, and to separate the optical signals having the first wavelength from the optical signals having the third wavelength.

The intermediate stages 120 ₁₋₂ are secondary stages having substantially the same construction as the final stages 120 ₃₋₆ except that more channels are transmitted through the intermediate stages. Specifically, the intermediate stages are a component of a wavelength division demultiplexer that separates a plurality of received optical signals in one of n channels, where n is an odd number. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, where n=7, channels of optical signals are received by each intermediate stage 120 ₁₋₂. Each intermediate stage includes an optical circulator 124 having at least a first port, a second port, and a third port. Optical circulator 124 receives optical signals in the first port and transmits the optical signals received in the first port out of the second port. The intermediate stages further include FBG 126 coupled to the second port of optical circulator 124 for redirecting optical signals in the (n+1)/2 channel (i.e., the fourth of seven received channels) back into the second port of optical circulator 124 while transmitting optical signals in the other channels. Optical circulator 124 transmits the optical signals in the (n+1)/2 channel, which are received in the second port, out of the third port. The intermediate stages further include an edge filter 128 positioned to receive the optical signals in the other channels that are transmitted from FBG 126, and to separate the optical signals in channels 1 through [(n+1)/2]−1(i.e., channels 1-3 when seven channels are received (n=7)) from those in channels [(n+1)/2]+1 through n (i.e., channels 5-7 when seven channels are received (n=7)).

It should be noted that the intermediate separation stages may function slightly differently depending upon the number of signals to be separated, and depending upon the number of final separation stages that are coupled downstream of the intermediate separation stage. For example, if a demultiplexer were to be designed for separating n=14 channels, final stage 120 ₆ could simply be eliminated, and the signals output on transmission path 130 ₂ would all be in the fourteenth channel (λ₁₄) Thus, intermediate stage 120 ₂ would be modified slightly from the above formula by dropping intermediate channel 13 (λ₁₃), rather than dropping intermediate channel 12 (λ₁₂). On the other hand, if the demultiplexer were to only have to demultiplex 12 channels, both final stages 120 ₅ and 120 ₆ could be eliminated and intermediate stage 120 ₂ could be modified so as to drop the eleventh channel prior to separating the tenth channel from the twelfth channel using edge filter 128 ₂.

If one wished to design a demultiplexer for separating more channels than the 16 channels shown in FIG. 6, one may simply add additional final stages on the first or second transmission paths 129 and 130 of one of the final stages shown in FIG. 6. For example, if one wished to redesign demultiplexer 100 so as to separate 18 channels, one could simply add a final stage with the first port of its optical circulator coupled to second transmission path 130 ₆ of secondary separation stage 120 ₆ while selecting a FBG that would drop the seventeenth channel and selecting an edge filter that would separate the 16th channel from the 18th channel.

The above described demultiplexers may be modified and used as multiplexers when signals of different wavelengths are desired to be combined. An example of such a multiplexer is illustrated in FIG. 7 and is similar to the demultiplexer of FIG. 5. This multiplexer combines wavelengths λ₁ through λ₈ into a single optical waveguide. As embodied herein and depicted in FIG. 7, multiplexer 10′ includes three channel combining components 12′a, 12′b, and 12′c. Each channel combining component 12′a, 12′b, and 12′c preferably includes an optical circulator 17′a, 17′b, 17′c, and at least one, and preferably at least two fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) 19′. Optical circulators 17′a, 17′b, 17′c have three or four ports as illustrated. As stated above, optical circulators receive optical signals in the first port and transmit the optical signals received in the first port out through the second port. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7, optical signals in channels having wavelengths of λ₁ and λ₃ are combined by the edge filter 21′, are directed towards the second port of the circulator 17′a and are redirected back into the third port of optical circulator 17′a while the optical signal having wavelength λ₂ is transmitted through FBGs 19′a to the third port of the circulator 17′a. The optical wavelengths λ₁ and λ₃ are reflected by the FBGs 19′a and directed towards the third port of circulator 17′a. Therefore, the optical signals in channels having wavelengths of λ₁ through λ₃ are combined by the first channel combining component and are transmitted through port 1 of the optical circulator 17′a.

Similarly, optical signals in channels having wavelengths λ₆, λ₇, λ₈ are combined by channel combining components 12′b and exit through the first port of the circulator 17′b. Channel combining component 12′b includes two FBGs 19′b and a filter 21′. More specifically, the optical signals λ₆ and λ₈ are combined by dichroic filter 21′ and are transmitted to the input port (port 2) of the optical circulator 17 b′. The FBGs 19′ of the second channel adding component 12′b reflect light having wavelengths of λ₆ and λ₈ and transmit light having wavelength λ₇. Thus, optical signals in channels having wavelengths of λ₆ and λ₈ are combined by filter 21′, are directed towards the second port of the circulator 17′b and are redirected by the FBGs 19′ back into the third port of optical circulator 17′. The optical signal having wavelength λ₇ is transmitted through FBGs 19′b to the third port of the circulator 17′b. Therefore, the optical signals in channels having wavelengths of λ₆ through λ₈ are combined by the second channel combining component 12 b′.

Channel combining component 12′c includes four FBGs. More specifically, an optical signal of wavelength λ₄ is directed to one input port of the channel adding component 12′c (port 4) and the optical signal of wavelength λ₅ is directed through another input port (port 3). Each of the optical signals λ₄ and λ₅ are transmitted through a pair of FBGs 19′ to ports 4 and 3, respectively, while the optical signals characterized by λ₁ through λ₃ and λ₆ through λ₈ are combined by a dichroic mirror 21′ and are coupled to the second port of the circulator 1′c. The two FBGs 19′c that transmit the optical signal λ₅ also reflect signals λ₁ through λ₃ and λ₆ through λ₈ back to the fourth port of the circulator 17 c′. Similarly, the two FBGs 19′c that transmit the optical signal λ₄ reflect signals λ₁ through λ₃ and λ₅ through λ₈ back to the fourth port of the circulator 17 c′. It is noted that the FBGs 19′ of the third channel combining component 12 c′ are different from the FBGs of the first and second channel combining components 12 a′ and 12 b′. The FBGs 19′c of the third channel combining component 12 c′ act on bands of wavelengths they do not reflect light of only a single wavelength. For example, one of the FBGs 19′ reflects light in wavelengths λ₁ through λ₃ while the other FBG reflects light in wavelengths λ₅ through λ₈. One advantage of using FBGs that reflect bands of wavelengths is the elimination of multiple single wavelength FBGs and a reduction in the total number of FBGs and other optical components in the multiplexer. It is noted that use of FBGs 19′ that reflect bands of wavelengths is advantageous not only in multiplexers, but also in the demultiplexers and in other wavelength filtering optical devises. The circulator 17′c combines all channels λ₁-λ₈ and outputs them through port number 1. Thus, optical signals of eight different wavelengths (λ₁-λ₈) are multiplexed as shown in FIG. 7.

As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the basic design of the multiplexers and demultiplexers of the present invention may be used to construct multiplexers and demultiplexers for multiplexing and demultiplexing any number of channels. Given the basic design in the logic employed in determining how many stages to use and which channels to add/drop using the optical circulator and FBG of each stage, one could readily develop a computer program that automatically designs an optical multiplexer and demultiplexer for separating or combining a desired number of channels using the inventive building block components of the present invention.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and adaptations can be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of this invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and adaptations of this invention, provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A wavelength division multiplexer combining a plurality of received optical signals, said multiplexer comprising: a channel combining component receiving optical signals transmitted through a plurality of optical channels associated with said channel combining component, said channels being defined by successively different light wavelength bands at intervals ranging between a first channel having the lowest wavelength band to a last channel having the highest wavelength band, wherein said channel combining component combines at least one channel having a wavelength band intermediate said lowest wavelength band and said highest wavelength band with channels having said lowest and said highest wavelength bands; said channel combining component including an input port for said intermediate wavelength band and an edge filter, said edge filter (i) combining optical signals in said highest and said lowest wavelength bands, but not in said intermediate wavelength band, said highest and said lowest wavelength bands being situated respectively above and below said intermediate wavelength band; and (ii) providing said combined optical signals to said channel combining component.
 2. The optical multiplexer according to claim 1, wherein said multiplexer includes at least two channel combining components receiving the optical signals transmitted from a plurality of optical paths and combining said optical signals into one channel to propagate along a single optical path.
 3. The wavelength division multiplexer according to claim 1 wherein said edge filter is a thin film filter.
 4. The wavelength division multiplexer according to claim 1 wherein said edge filter is a grating.
 5. The wavelength division multiplexer according to claim 1 further comprising a plurality of filters reflecting light in at least one wavelength band and transmitting light in at least one other wavelength band.
 6. The wavelength division multiplexer according to claim 5, wherein said filters are fiber Bragg gratings.
 7. A wavelength division multiplexer combining a plurality of received optical signals, said multiplexer comprising: at least one channel combining component for receiving optical signals transmitted through a plurality of optical channels, said channels being defined by successively different light wavelength bands associated with said channel combining component, at intervals ranging between a first channel having the lowest wavelength band to a last channel having the highest wavelength band, wherein said channel combining component combines at least one channel having a wavelength band intermediate said lowest wavelength band and said highest wavelength band with channels having said lowest and said highest wavelength bands; said channel combining component including (i) an optical circulator having at least a first port, a second port and a third port; (ii) an edge filter (a) combining optical signals in said highest and said lowest wavelength bands into combined signals, said highest and said lowest wavelength bands being above and below said intermediate wavelength band, respectively and, (b) providing said combined signals to said first port of said optical circulator; and (iii) at least one fiber Bragg grating, reflecting light in said highest and said lowest wavelength bands back into said second port of said optical circulator.
 8. The optical multiplexer of claim 7 wherein said wavelength bands are 0.005 nm to 65 nm wide.
 9. The optical multiplexer of claim 8 wherein said wavelength bands are 0.04 nm to 1.6 nm wide.
 10. The wavelength division multiplexer according to claim 8, comprising at least one fiber Bragg grating reflecting light in least two wavelengths bands.
 11. The optical multiplexer according to claim 10, wherein said wavelength bands are 0.04 nm to 1.6 nm wide.
 12. The optical multiplexer according to claim 7, wherein said fiber Bragg grating reflects light corresponding to at least two optical channels, said optical channels have frequency spacings of 1 GHz to 8000 GHz.
 13. The optical multiplexer according to claim 12, wherein said optical channels have frequency spacings of 10 GHz to 200 GHz.
 14. A wavelength division multiplexer for combining a plurality of received optical signals that have one of at least a first, second, and third wavelength where said second wavelength is intermediate said first and third wavelengths, said first, second, and third wavelengths defining adjacent channels, said multiplexer comprising: an optical circulator having at least a first port, a second port, and a third port, said optical circulator receives optical signals in at least one of said ports and transmits these received optical signals received out of another one of said ports; a fiber Bragg grating coupled to said one port of said optical circulator for redirecting optical signals having said first and third wavelengths, back into said one port of said optical circulator while transmitting optical signals having said second wavelength, wherein said optical circulator transmits the optical signals having said first, second, and third wavelengths, which are received in said one port, out of said another one of said ports, and an edge filter positioned to (i) receive and combine the optical signals having said first and third wavelengths but not said second wavelength and (ii) direct said combined optical signals along a collinear path towards said optical circulator.
 15. A wavelength division multiplexer combining a plurality of received optical signals, said multiplexer comprising: a channel combining component receiving optical signals transmitted through a plurality of optical channels, said channels being defined by successively different light wavelength bands at intervals ranging between a first channel having the lowest wavelength band to a last channel having the highest wavelength band, wherein said channel combining component combines at one channel having a wavelength band intermediate said lowest wavelength band and said highest wavelength band with channels having said lowest and said highest wavelength bands, wherein said lowest and said highest wavelength channels are directly adjacent to said intermediate wavelength channel; said channel combining component including an input port for said intermediate wavelength band and an edge filter, said edge filter (i) combining optical signals in said highest and said lowest wavelength bands, but not in said intermediate wavelength band, said highest and said lowest wavelength bands being situated respectively above and below said intermediate wavelength band; and (ii) providing said combined optical signals to said channel combining component.
 16. The optical multiplexer of claim 15, wherein said wavelength bands are 0.04 nm to 1.6 nm wide.
 17. The wavelength division multiplexer according to claim 15, comprising at least one fiber Bragg grating reflecting light in least two wavelengths bands.
 18. A wavelength division multiplexer combining a plurality of received optical signals, said multiplexer comprising: a channel combining component receiving optical signals transmitted through only three optical channels, said channels being defined by successively different light wavelength bands at intervals ranging between a first channel having the lowest wavelength band to a last channel having the highest wavelength band, wherein said channel combining component combines at least one channel having a wavelength band intermediate said lowest wavelength band and said highest wavelength band with channels having said lowest and said highest wavelength bands, wherein said lowest and said highest wavelength channels are directly adjacent to said intermediate wavelength channel; said channel combining component including an input port for said intermediate wavelength band and an edge filter, said edge filter (i) combining optical signals in said highest and said lowest wavelength bands, but not in said intermediate wavelength band, said highest and said lowest wavelength bands being situated respectively above and below said intermediate wavelength band; and (ii) providing said combined optical signals to said channel combining component.
 19. The optical multiplexer of claim 18, wherein said wavelength bands are 0.04 nm to 1.6 nm wide.
 20. The wavelength division multiplexer according to claim 18, comprising at least one fiber Bragg grating reflecting light in least two wavelengths bands.
 21. A wavelength division multiplexer combining a plurality of received optical signals, said multiplexer comprising: a channel combining component receiving optical signals transmitted through a plurality of optical channels associated with said channel combining component, said channels being defined by successively different light wavelength bands at intervals ranging between a first channel having the lowest wavelength band to a last channel having the highest wavelength band, wherein said channel combining component combines at least one channel having a wavelength band intermediate said lowest wavelength band and said highest wavelength band with channels having said lowest and said highest wavelength bands; said channel combining component including an optical circulator with an input port for said intermediate wavelength band and an edge filter, said edge filter (i) combining optical signals in said highest and said lowest wavelength bands, but not in said intermediate wavelength band, said highest and said lowest wavelength bands being situated respectively above and below said intermediate wavelength band; and (ii) providing said combined optical signals to said optical circulator. 